1. Morley Robbins
Main speaker and expert.
Founder of the Root Cause Protocol and the Magnesium Advocacy Group.
Central figure explaining the role of the PAM enzyme, copper metabolism, and associated biochemistry.
2. Richard Mains
Researcher mentioned repeatedly for pioneering work on the PAM enzyme.
Conducted significant research with Dr. Betty Eipper at Johns Hopkins and later at the University of Connecticut Medical Center (UConn).
Studied defects in the PAM gene and the effect of copper deficiency on PAM expression in animal models.
Demonstrated that copper supplementation could restore PAM activity.
3. Betty Eipper
Researcher, wife and scientific collaborator of Richard Mains.
Co-led research on PAM enzyme, copper metabolism, and peptide activation.
Key figure in advancing knowledge on how copper deficiency impacts neuropeptides.
4. Leslie M. Klevay
Longtime copper researcher, still publishing into his late 80s/90s.
Authored the article “Chronic Copper Deficiency” (2022).
Also published a 1986 paper linking copper deficiency and hyperglycemia.
Cited a 1981 pediatric textbook noting that children with Menkes disease are the most glucose-intolerant population—supporting copper’s vital role in sugar regulation.
5. Joseph Prohaska
Copper researcher active in the 1980s–1990s.
Referenced for work on intracellular copper status, especially in red blood cells.
Studied markers like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CCS (copper chaperone for SOD)to detect copper deficiency.
Highlighted how in deficiency, SOD is low, but CCS is high, indicating the body is “looking” for copper.
6. Sternlieb and Scheinberg
Researchers from 1960, working at ATT Labs in Upstate New York.
Developed the Copper-to-Ceruloplasmin Ratio of 3.33:1, considered ideal for bioavailable copper function.
Their work serves as a foundational principle in Morley Robbins’ copper analysis today.
7. Myra Fields
Researcher cited for work in the 1980s and 1990s.
Demonstrated that fructose blocks CTR1, the copper transporter protein (the “front door” for copper entry into cells).
Her research supports the idea that dietary fructose impairs copper absorption, leading to widespread deficiency.